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[60] At the end of the eruption, a 1.5-kilometre-wide (0.93mi) caldera[137] and the two western craters formed. [66] While the Piedras Grandes flow was formed by a glacier run that transported blocks with sizes of up to 8 metres (26ft), Soncor was formed by a large eruption. In the Central Volcanic Zone, volcanism has been active for 120 million years, although it has undergone eastward migration during this time. [203], This eruption was the most significant eruption of Lascar in the last 9,000 years, with a volcanic explosivity index of 4[35][129] and a duration of 32 hours,[8] and one of the most significant volcanic eruptions in the recent history of Chile. [129] Landsat images taken during this time indicate that a lava lake may have existed in the central crater,[163] generating a plume of volcanic gases and, in September 1986, a vulcanian eruption happened and dropped ash in Salta, Argentina. What makes an effective presentation + effective presentation strategies Aug. 12, 2022 [142] Like the Piedras Grandes rocks, they tend towards high potassium quantities, and resemble other volcanic rocks of Lascar and the Central Andes in composition. [7] A number of earthquakes were recorded in early February 2012. They occur beneath altitudes of 4,100 metres (13,500ft), their vents buried by later activity. [168] The temperatures of the lava dome can reach 148367C (298693F). [135] An alternative theory posits that the Piedras Grandes unit formed when an ice cap on Lascar interacted with a block and ash flow erupted by Aguas Calientes. [151] Water is a principal volatile involved in the processes of Plinian eruptions; the water content of the Soncor and Piedras Grandes magmas was about 45%. The San Andreas Fault Zone is not the only active transform plate boundary with U. S. National Park Service sites. [140], A volatile phase containing chlorine formed inside the magma chamber and quickly removed most sulfur from the magma. Plate tectonics has an influence on every part of the world. The next day, additional explosions occurred at 15:04, 15:05 and 17:39 UTC, with a maximum column height of 7 kilometres (4.3mi). The chamber may be surrounded by skarnic alteration. [167] Most of the time, numerous fumaroles within the crater form a plume that reaches an altitude of 1,000 metres (3,300ft). [104], Gases are partly supplied from shallow magma; the volume of magma erupted is too small to contain all the exhalations. Four eruptions occurred at 15:20, 17:22, 19:00 and 21:00 UTC, forming eruption columns reaching altitudes of 10 kilometres (6.2mi). [107][108] In 2005, Lascar was the third-largest source of volcanic sulfur dioxide in the world among continuously active volcanoes, behind Etna in Italy and Bagana in Papua-New Guinea. [190], There is a pronounced morphology characterized by a channel upslope and snout-like toes downslope. [227] Measurements made on the southwest rim of the main crater in 20092012 indicated air temperatures of 1020C (5068F). In this remote territory, where eruptions are poorly recorded, many volcanoes are higher than 6,000 metres (20,000ft). [182] Hot pyroclastic flows on the southeastern flank covered a surface area of 1318.5 kilometres (8.111.5mi). [118], Sulfur and chlorine may be derived from the crust, evaporites such as these found at Salar de Atacama, subducted lithosphere or the mantle. [156], Heavy metal exposure is a problem for the region. [34] It probably formed when one of the craters filled with andesitic lava to the point of overflow. [99], There are high-temperature fumaroles (temperatures equal to or exceeding 150C (302F)) and low-temperature fumaroles (temperatures of less than 82C (180F)), with noticeable chemical differences between the two; the latter tend to emit far more water than carbon dioxide. [144] Pumices are encased in the ignimbrite as lenses and levees and are also found in the terrain above the canyons. Panorama from the Lascar Southern pyroclastic flow. Also, a volcano that is not presently erupting, but that has erupted within historical time and is considered likely to do so in the future. [154] This debris avalanche is 50 metres (160ft) thick and 25 kilometres (16mi) long. [119] Sulfur isotope data support the notion that evaporite deposits contribute part of Lascar's sulfur. Because Lascar is located in a remote area, it is monitored primarily by remote sensing. [89], The oldest volcanic activity at Lascar occurred between 220,000[6] and less than 50,000 years ago. [187] The speed of these flows has been estimated at 100700 kilometres per hour (62435mph). Another debris flow from Corona spread towards Salar de Atacama. A stratovolcano within the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, The Lascar volcano, seen from the Chaxas lagoon on the Gran Salar. Match. [181] These flows reached a thickness of about 510 metres (1633ft) and advanced through the Quebrada de Talabre, which had intercepted the flows on the northern flank. Lascar is flanked 5 km to the east by the older, but higher Volcn Aguas Calientes stratovolcano. [170] While eruptions before 1993 had always been preceded by a reduction in heat radiated from the volcano, such a reduction in 19992000 did not lead to an eruption, and when an eruption took place in July 2000, it was preceded by only a brief drop in heat radiation. [34] In the centre of the westernmost crater lies a smaller crater, 250 metres (820ft) deep and 300 metres (980ft) wide. [1][39] Aguas Calientes is older than Lascar,[36] and it might share a magma chamber. Eruptions in 1972 and 1974 are uncertain. [36][70] The Miscanti Line dissects the Quaternary basement beneath Lascar,[71] and it may be a hinge of a fold that is being propagated by faults. [53] The oldest mafic andesites are less than 43,000 years old, while the Chaile and Saltar pyroclastic flows erupted over 26,500 years ago. [25][26] The Central Andes contain many hundreds of volcanoes, extending over the countries of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Peru. Match. The name originates from the Atacameo word lskar or lassi (English: tongue), thought to refer to the shape of the volcano. The seismicity was the most notable recorded since the eruption on 10 December. [225] The eruption ended around 15:32 on 20 April,[222] although some explosions occurred in the following days. [90] Blocks with sizes of up to 15 metres (49ft) were transported by this flow. Further, fractures permitting gas passage are obstructed when the magma contracts. [63] A 6-kilometre-long (3.7mi) lava flow on the northern flank reaches almost to the village of Talabre. [6] The present-day snowline in the region lies at an altitude of 6,050 metres (19,850ft), higher than the summit of Lascar. [227] Such ash falls could potentially hit the towns of San Pedro de Atacama, Talabre and Toconao as well as the Llano de Chajnantor Observatory, the San Pedro de AtacamaPaso de JamaJujuy international road[240] and the Sico Pass. [91] This alteration gives rise to wollastonite and pyroxene-containing skarn, depending on the distance from the magma chamber walls. [140], The lava domes interacted with glaciers, resulting in the formation of a glacier run whose deposits are found as far as 10 kilometres (6.2mi) from the volcano. [67], The stage II activity was accompanied by the eruption of block and ash flows consisting of andesite, and an eruption whose deposits include blocks with sizes of 15 metres (49ft). [88] Such tremors may be produced by the movement of liquid materials in the volcano. [2], Seismic activity occurs at Lascar. The Lascar volcano is located in the Andes and erupted on 10th December . [86], The Soncor deposit was subsequently affected by glaciation[67] and the stage I edifice by a debris avalanche,[39] which was radiocarbon dated at 22,310 +2,700/2000 years ago in the Quebrada de Chaile. The magma supplied to the volcano ultimately comes from the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South America Plate. The case of June 13th, 2015 Ojos del Salado false volcanic eruption", "Trends in the nonvolcanic component of stratospheric aerosol over the period 19712004", "Identificacin de fases portadoras y flujos de mercurio en el registro sedimentario de la Laguna del Plata, regin central de Argentina", "SERNAGEOMIN da a conocer nuevo ranking de volcanes", "Red Nacional de Vigilancia Volcnica de Chile", "El riesgo de desastres en la planificacin del territorio", Ministry of Federal Planning, Public Investment and Services, "How will melting of ice affect volcanic hazards in the twenty-first century? [58] The craters show evidence that activity has migrated westward. administered through the Department of Geosciences at Oregon State University. [68] Traces of glacial action are found on the older parts of Lascar at altitudes above 4,600 metres (15,100ft) and include meltwater gorges, striated rock surfaces, and U-shaped valleys. [53] Around 5150 1250 BCE, as obtained by surface exposure dating,[157] the Tumbres-Talabre lava flow was erupted from the eastern crater. [174] The strongest pulse occurred on 20 April between 6:28 and 9:20 and sent flows towards the northwest. Data is available for free at doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.2.1.2016.002, Time lapse camera: Near continuous data stream since 2011, Fumarole temperature: Near continuous data stream since 2011, Deformation: Near continuous monitoring using TerraSAR since 2012, Topography: Drone based and lidar based data from 2014, 2015 and 2016, Integrated Plate boundary Observatory Chile (IPOC). Dacite has more plagioclase and rhyolite. [111] There is no clear association between periods of degassing and eruptions. The Ring of Fire is a direct result of plate tectonics: specifically the movement, collision and destruction of lithospheric plates (e.g. [210], The people of Talabre were evacuated during the eruption to Toconao, although some ignored evacuation orders. [15] Volcanic centres include calderas and associated large ignimbrites, lava domes and stratovolcanoes;[21] among the better-researched volcanoes are Galan, Nevados de Payachata, Ollague, Purico Complex, San PedroSan Pablo, La Pacana, Tata Sabaya and Tumisa. ", "Recent eruptive activity from Lascar volcano (2006)", "Informe sobre el sistema volcnico de Lascar", "El ciclo eruptivo del 18 al 25 de Abril de 2006 del volcan Lascar, Andes Centrales", "Impact area determination of pyroclastic deposits in Lascar volcano, eruptive process in the year 1993", 10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<614:UTLTMT>2.0.CO;2, "Processes culminating in the 2015 phreatic explosion at Lascar volcano, Chile, evidenced by multiparametric data", "La erupcion subpliniana del 19-20 de Abril de 1993 del volcan Lascar, N de Chile", Impacts of the 2015 eruption of Calbuco volcano on Chilean infrastructure, utilities, agriculture, and health, "Viajes e intercambios entre las comunidades argentinas y chilenas en la puna atacamea (segunda mitad del siglo XX)", "Insight into ground deformations at Lascar volcano (Chile) from SAR interferometry, photogrammetry and GPS data: Implications on volcano dynamics and future space monitoring", "An InSAR-based survey of volcanic deformation in the central Andes", "Uptake of gaseous thallium, tellurium, vanadium and molybdenum into anhydrous alum, Lascar volcano fumaroles, Chile", "SrPb isotopes signature of Lascar volcano (Chile): Insight into contamination of arc magmas ascending through a thick continental crust", "Similarities and differences in the historical records of lava dome-building volcanoes: Implications for understanding magmatic processes and eruption forecasting", "The emplacement dynamics of pumice lobes ascertained from morphology and granulometry: Examples from the 1993 deposits at Lascar Volcano, Chile", 20.500.11820/704f9e40-352c-49da-af10-83ce7c003ac6, "Post-depositional fracturing and subsidence of pumice flow deposits: Lascar Volcano, Chile", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lascar_(volcano)&oldid=1128908838, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017, CS1 European Spanish-language sources (es-es), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 22 December 2022, at 16:28. [72], Hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride are also released in large amounts, with estimates made in 20032004 indicating a mass flux of 340,000,000 kilograms per year (11kg/s) and 150,000,000 kilograms per year (4.8kg/s) respectively. Afterwards, up to four different units of pyroclastic flows, each 110 metres (3.332.8ft) thick, formed deposits up to 10 kilometres (6.2mi) long. along with periodic larger eruptions that produced ash and tephra fall up to hundreds of kilometers away from the volcano. [168] During the July 1995 eruption, subsidence was noted on satellite images of the inside of the central crater. Research has indicated peculiar patterns, including so called "rapid-fire" events on a background of continuous activity,[232] as well as the occurrence of long-period earthquakes; here and in other volcanoes, this kind of seismic activity is associated with intense fumarolic activity that occurs in the absence of outright eruptions. [78] SiO2 concentrations range from 55.5 to 67.8% by weight, and the rocks have medium to large concentrations of potassium. [53], Lascar has erupted about thirty times since the 19th century. [132], Lava flows less than 50 metres (160ft) thick issued from the stage I cone and reached lengths of 16 kilometres (9.9mi). [64] The total volume of these pyroclastic flows is about 0.06 cubic kilometres (0.014cumi). The Cascade volcanoes in the northwestern United States and the volcanoes in Mexico and Central America are related to the subduction under the North American Plate of the small Juan de Fuca and Cocos plates, which are on the east side of the Pacific Plate. This pulse generated an eruption column 23 kilometres (14mi) high. [194], The flows were strongly erosive, extracting rocks and material from the bedrock, even far away from the vent. To the left, in the background, the. [60] The growth of this volcano was preceded by a period of erosion between 20,80020,100 and 12,500 years ago, coincident with the Lake Minchin humid period. See the station distribution here and the data availability here. [179] After being discharged through gaps in the crater rim,[175] pyroclastic flows on the northwestern and the eastern sides reached lengths of 8.5 kilometres (5.3mi),[180] and 4 kilometres (2.5mi) on the southern side. [166] A phreatic eruption around 14:30 on 18 April formed the prelude to the eruption. [230] Thermal anomalies from this eruption persisted into 2017 but with a tendency to decrease in number, accompanied by persistent degassing. Long-period earthquakes with magnitudes not exceeding 1.3 were also recorded, with a maximum of 209 events noted in May 2015. [231] In December 2022, an explosion generated a 6 kilometres (3.7mi) high plume. [45] An area of increased electrical conductivity has been identified beneath Lascar and extends to some neighbouring volcanoes, reaching a depth of over 6 kilometres (3.7mi) south of Lascar. Lscar Volcano, located in the Chilean Andes 70 km SE of San Pedro de Atacama, is the most active volcano of the Central Volcanic Zone. Lscar Volcano, located in the Chilean Andes 70 km SE of San Pedro de Atacama, is the most active volcano of the Central Volcanic Zone. [61] Remnants of a previous edifice are visible in the craters; this older edifice constitutes the bulk of the eastern cone. According to SEGEMAR the pyroclastic flows traveled short distances to the N and SE. [137] The Manquez agglutinate above the Tumbres deposits was formed either by the Tumbres eruption or by a subsequent stage;[60] a pyroclastic cone in the western crater may be associated with this agglutinate. [35] With a surface area of 54 square kilometres (21sqmi), the volcano has a volume of 15 cubic kilometres (3.6cumi). This dome began to shrink in October 1989, and in December 1989, white clouds rose 2 kilometres (1.2mi) above Lascar's crater. [4], In 1984, Lascar awakened to new activity;[57] satellite images noted the presence of hot spots on the volcano. This information was summarized from Smithsonian Institution's Preliminary Notices of Volcanic Activity. [197] The deposits and small structures, such as levees and lobes, were conserved by the dry climate in the region. Today the volcanic complex consists of the dormant western edifice and the active eastern edifice, the latter comprising three overlapping craters. It is an andesitic to dacitic stratovolcano with six overlapping craters, trending roughly northeast, with the active, fuming crater located near the center. [106], The heat output of Lascar is about 75765 megawatts (71,000725,000BTU/s) during regular activity,[122] but has been estimated to be as high as 2.5 gigawatts (2,400,000BTU/s). lascar volcano volcano type stratco or composite eruption history volcano location type of lava flow eruption type last eruption:October 31 Chile andesite plate boundaries and where the volcano is formed or located how lascar was formed plate boundaries: convergent subduction. Today the volcanic complex consists of the dormant western edifice and the active eastern edifice, the latter comprising three overlapping craters. [7] As of 2017[update], stockbreeding and farming were the principal economic activities in Talabre. Lascar has been active since at least 56,000 years ago, though some argue for activity beginning 220,000 years ago. [56] The eruption released about 400,000 tonnes (390,000 long tons; 440,000 short tons) of sulfur dioxide, about half the quantity released by the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens,[207] and was sufficient to cause a noticeable increase in atmospheric opacity. [215] The collapse structures during this activity were larger than those noted in previous activity, possibly because the April 1993 eruption had emptied part of the system. [234] With the exception of the 1993 eruption, seismic activity associated with eruptions has been sparse. [221] This explosion was strong enough to rattle windows in the school at Talabre. The Alert Level remained at Yellow (the second lowest level on a four-color scale) and the public were warned to stay at least 5 km away from the crater. [44] These lava domes are about 5 million years old,[51] and are composed of dacite and smaller amounts of pyroxene andesite,[49] along with rhyolite and visible minerals including biotite and hornblende. Data available through GEOFON. Other minerals include anhydrite,[57] augite, plagioclase[33] which is also the dominant phenocryst phase in Lascar rocks,[76] apatite, ilmenite, magnetite, olivine, orthopyroxene, phyrrotite, quartz, rhyolite in the groundmass, and spinel in inclusions. [57] Recorded eruptions occurred in 1858, 1875, 18831885, 18981900(?) [144], The magma erupted was generated in a magma chamber starting from andesite, which underwent complex petrogenetic processes. [120] Water appears to be in part magmatic and in part precipitation-derived. [100] Trace elements include arsenic, boron and titanium, with smaller amounts of barium, chromium, copper, lead, strontium and zinc. [10] Unlike the neighbouring volcanoes Acamarachi, Licancabur and Quimal, there is no evidence of archeological sites on Lascar,[11] possibly because of the volcanic activity. 1-2 mm of very fine ash fell in Jama (international boundary of Chile and Argentina). Because the former are. 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Occurred on 20 April, [ 36 ] and less than 50,000 years ago activity beginning 220,000 years,! Earthquakes with magnitudes not exceeding 1.3 were also recorded, with a maximum 209! And eruptions that produced ash and tephra fall up to hundreds of kilometers away from subduction. A previous edifice are visible in the Central Volcanic Zone of the 1993,. They occur beneath altitudes of 10 kilometres ( 3.7mi ) high plume Fault...
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